雅思阅读技巧：人名理论题目理论信号

匹配题Matching是雅思阅读题型中高频出题的类型，其中人名理论类习题是比较常见的一种。雅思阅读中的人名理论匹配题目，简单来说就是将人物和他们的言论、观点、评论、发现相配对，最常见的出题模式是"list of people"和 "list of statements"。今天，小编将从理论识别的角度进行分析，将常见的理论信号出现模型一一列明，以求让考生熟悉出现的常见套路。
雅思阅读技巧：人名理论题目理论信号
类，直接引用
当直接引用的文字比较少时，使用引号是最为常用的。
题目来源：Cambridge 10- Test 02-Passage 2 Gifted children and learning
Overviewing research on the thinking process of highly able children, (Shore and Kanevsky, 1993) put the instructor`s problem succinctly: `If they [the gifted] merely think more quickly, then we need only teach more quickly. If they merely make fewer errors, then we can shorten the practice`.
在定位到人名Shore and Kanevsky之后，仔细精读定位点周边，不难发现，有引号引出的两个句子即为理论区域。因此，可以直接阅读引用区域中的内容以确认引用句和题干之间的替换关系，从而得出答案。
第二类，间接引用
间接引用指的是在文章中找寻宾语从句或者是由此而变化过来的同位语从句，本质上都是将引述表达用that引导的句子，来确认人名的对应理论观点。当涉及某人认为某事时，常见的语句会有 sb. believe, hold, argue, suggest, claim, insist that…
题目来源：Cambridge9-Test 04-Passage 2:Young children's sense of identity
However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.
Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child's understanding of his- or herself emerges.
在这两个剑桥真题例子之中, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that…Dunn (1988) points out that…的共通之处在于都使用了subject+verb+ that的宾语从句句式来介绍人物对应的观点。那么，这里值得借鉴的就是，考生可以弱化动词的使用，只要有verb + that的句式句型基本可以断定为重点阅读的区域，因为人物的观点和理论会在that之后的从句中得到体现。
题目来源：Cambridge 10- Test 02-Passage 2 Gifted children and learning
Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the conclusion that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills, due to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice.
在上述示例中，比较明显的变化在于使用的是brought sb. to the conclusion that…这一句式。这样的内容主要是进行了同位语句型的转化，考生可以忽略这一句式句型的语法作用将其理解为sb. conclude that…的用法变体，本质上来说还是为了引导出一个人物的理论观点，所以可以归类在一块儿进行理解。
第三类，短语引用
英文中的部分短语是可以用来表示"根据…的观点""据…的观点"这样的意义的，例如As reported by...，In the words of...， In accordance with...，in the view of  和考生们极为熟悉的According to…当文章中出现上述任意表达的时候，表明观点类的信息即将出现，需要引起考生们的重视。
题目来源：Cambridge 10- Test 02-Passage 2 Gifted children and learning
In Boekaerts` (1991) review of emotion in the learning of very high IQ and highly achieving children, she found emotional forces in harness. They were not only curious, but often had a strong desire to control their environment, improve their learning efficiency, and increase their own learning resources.
在这个示例中review of表明了后续文字和Boekaerts这个人的理论有关联。
题目来源：Cambridge9-Test 04-Passage 2:Young children's sense of identity
According to James, a child's first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one's own agency (i.e. one's power to act), and an awareness of one's distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers.
段落开始内容中的According to …用意十分明显，就是用于表明后面叙述的内容都是James 个人观点的部分。由此，学员可以直接根据短语提示进行进一步的语句精读分析。
第四类，APA格式
学术文章中特有的APA格式，"是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其"作者和日期"的引用方式和'括号内引用法'相当。"
题目来源：Cambridge 10- Test 02-Passage 2 Gifted children and learning
Children`s educational environment contributes to the IQ score and the way intelligence is used. For example, a very close positive relationship was found when children`s IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman, 2010).
因为有了括号的明显提示，"(Freeman, 2010)"表明为Freeman 在2010年发表的言论，这样就可以提示考生进行前文的阅读。

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